{"id":30857,"date":"2025-08-11T11:47:14","date_gmt":"2025-08-11T11:47:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/?p=30857"},"modified":"2025-11-25T11:37:18","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T11:37:18","slug":"sustainability-golf-green-against-heat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/sustainability-golf-green-against-heat\/","title":{"rendered":"Green against heat &#8211; how urban green spaces work"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6z2t98-389254ab12756145295d3f91ed57e606\">\n.avia-image-container.av-6z2t98-389254ab12756145295d3f91ed57e606 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-6z2t98-389254ab12756145295d3f91ed57e606 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-6z2t98-389254ab12756145295d3f91ed57e606 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first '  ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-30863 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30863 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-scaled.jpeg\" alt='Golfreiseziel Mauritius' title='Golfreiseziel Mauritius'  height=\"924\" width=\"1387\" srcset=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-scaled.jpeg 1387w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-1030x687.jpeg 1030w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-1500x1000.jpeg 1386w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AdobeStock_603640200-705x470.jpeg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1387px) 100vw, 1387px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1rbina4-aa08167a0db64e1d5883f29d1d9c1056\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1rbina4-aa08167a0db64e1d5883f29d1d9c1056{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1rbina4-aa08167a0db64e1d5883f29d1d9c1056 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1rbina4-aa08167a0db64e1d5883f29d1d9c1056 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1rbina4-aa08167a0db64e1d5883f29d1d9c1056 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_image  el_before_av_post_metadata '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  >Green against heat &#8211; how urban green spaces work<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='av-post-metadata-container av-me790qpw-25c6d01af4f9ee1aa16b4e6287b28220 av-metadata-container-align-left  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock  av-metadata-container-1'><div class='av-post-metadata-container-inner'><span class=\"av-post-metadata-content av-post-metadata-meta-content\"><span class=\"av-post-metadata-content av-post-metadata-modified\"><span class=\"av-post-metadata-modified-date\" >25. November 2025<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1aozku4-6475bcabfbc2660751a94df6c02ee055 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p>What cooling effect do green spaces have during heatwaves? <em>The<\/em> study <em>&#8220;The cooling effect of urban green spaces as nature-based solutions for mitigating urban heat: insights from a decade-long systematic review&#8221;<\/em>, published in August 2025, shows how effective <strong>Urban Green Spaces (UGS)<\/strong> are as <strong>Nature-Based Solutions (NBS)<\/strong> for mitigating the <strong>Urban Heat Island (UHI)<\/strong>. Based on the analysis of 84 scientific studies from the last ten years, the study shows that well-planned and well-maintained green spaces can reduce temperatures in cities by up to 7 \u00b0C. This study is therefore also relevant for golf courses that are located in areas close to cities and can draw important insights from the results for the structuring of their areas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Initial situation: The growing urban heat island effect in cities worldwide<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>With global urban growth &#8211; over 56% of the world&#8217;s population already live in urban areas &#8211; heat pollution is increasing dramatically. Sealed surfaces made of asphalt and concrete store heat, block evaporation and promote overheating. Especially in hot and dry climate zones, <strong>water shortages<\/strong> and a lack of vegetation exacerbate the problem. The result: more hot days, increasing energy consumption for air conditioning and growing health risks.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-me71akjh-81de6e943301bada72e290b302d6d911\">\n.avia-image-container.av-me71akjh-81de6e943301bada72e290b302d6d911 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-me71akjh-81de6e943301bada72e290b302d6d911 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-me71akjh-81de6e943301bada72e290b302d6d911 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '  ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-30865 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30865 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Gurugram-Haryana_indien_Shutterstock-1500x430.jpg\" alt='Golf course in India' title='Gurugram,Haryana,India-,July,14,2016:,Aircraft,View,Of,Dlf'  height=\"430\" width=\"1500\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-me71hdkh-3a48a05908e486c549c5997565156da1 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p><strong>Nature-Based Solutions in Europe: Climate adaptation with Urban Green Spaces<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The European Commission is increasingly focusing on <strong>nature-based solutions<\/strong> to reduce climate risks and make cities more climate-resilient. <strong>Urban green spaces<\/strong> &#8211; from city parks and tree-lined avenues to green roofs &#8211; are a central element of this. They not only reduce temperatures, but also improve air quality, biodiversity and quality of life. The study shows that <strong>urban green spaces<\/strong> are an indispensable tool for modern climate adaptation<\/p>\n<p><strong>Which areas were examined &#8211; and which were not?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The studies analysed focused on a wide range of urban green structures: large city parks, street trees, smaller pocket parks, green squares, mixed areas of grass and shrubs as well as innovative solutions such as <strong>green roofs<\/strong> and <strong>vertical greening<\/strong>.<br \/>\nThe areas studied did not include golf courses or other large-scale recreational areas. The results can therefore not be directly transferred to these types of areas, even if similar cooling mechanisms could theoretically be effective there. This is a shortcoming that particularly affects golf courses, which could have an important argument for their existence. After all, especially in large cities, there are repeated calls to close golf courses and use them for residential development.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8\">\n@keyframes av_boxShadowEffect_av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8-column {\n0%   { box-shadow:  0 0 0 0 #ededed; opacity: 1; }\n100% { box-shadow:  0 0 10px 0 #ededed; opacity: 1; }\n}\n#top .flex_column.av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8{\nmargin-top:35px;\nmargin-bottom:35px;\n}\n.flex_column.av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8{\nposition:relative;\nleft:1%;\nbox-shadow: 0 0 10px 0 #ededed;\nborder-width:2px;\nborder-color:#e1e1e1;\nborder-style:solid;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:30px 30px 15px 30px;\n}\n.avia_transform .flex_column.av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8{\nanimation-duration:5s;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8{\nmargin-top:35px;\nmargin-bottom:35px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_four_fifth-e8bcfb0dd38e4ffbb23d71c76efe0ae8 av_four_fifth  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  first av-break-at-tablet flex_column_div av-animated-generic fade-in-down av-custom-positioned shadow-not-animated avia-full-contain  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825{\npadding-bottom:0;\ncolor:#4fa1ca;\nfont-size:24px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#ffffff;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:13px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-wrap:before{\nborder-color:#ffffff;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-wrap:after{\nborder-color:#ffffff;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-8fccdafe44dd5917fcd9b6feb39e8825 av-special-heading-h4 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-7  el_before_av_mailchimp  avia-builder-el-first  av-inherit-size'><div class='av_custom_color av-subheading av-subheading_above'><p>Subscribe to our newsletter!<\/p>\n<\/div><h4 class='av-special-heading-tag '  >News <span class='special_amp'>&amp;<\/span> trends about sustainability in golf<\/h4><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<form action=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/sustainability-golf-green-against-heat\/\" method=\"post\"  data-av-custom-send='mailchimp_send'data-fields-with-error=\"Found errors in the following field(s):\" class=\"avia_ajax_form av-form-labels-hidden   avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_heading  avia-builder-el-last   avia-mailchimp-form \" data-avia-form-id=\"1\" data-avia-redirect='' ><fieldset><p class='  first_form  form_element form_fullwidth' id='element_avia_0_1'><label for=\"avia_0_1\">E-Mail: <abbr class=\"required\" title=\"required\">*<\/abbr><\/label> <input name=\"avia_0_1\" class=\"text_input is_email\" type=\"text\" id=\"avia_0_1\" value=\"\"  placeholder='E-Mail:*'\/><\/p><p class='  first_form  form_element form_element_half' id='element_avia_1_1'><label for=\"avia_1_1\">First Name:<\/label> <input name=\"avia_1_1\" class=\"text_input \" type=\"text\" id=\"avia_1_1\" value=\"\"  placeholder='First Name:'\/><\/p><p class='  form_element form_element_half' id='element_avia_2_1'><label for=\"avia_2_1\">Last Name:<\/label> <input name=\"avia_2_1\" class=\"text_input \" type=\"text\" id=\"avia_2_1\" value=\"\"  placeholder='Last Name:'\/><\/p><p class=\"form_element  first_form  form_element form_fullwidth av-last-visible-form-element modified_width\"><input type=\"hidden\" value=\"1\" name=\"avia_generated_form1\" \/><input type=\"submit\" value=\"Subscribe\" class=\"button\"  data-sending-label=\"Sending\"\/><\/p><p class=\"hidden\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"avia_avia_username_1\" class=\"hidden \" id=\"avia_avia_username_1\" value=\"\" \/><\/p><\/fieldset><\/form><div id=\"ajaxresponse_1\" class=\"ajaxresponse ajaxresponse_1 hidden\"><\/div><\/p><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-me71kd49-ee96e693f5fe0802dc5e986354e7cef0 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p><strong>Transferability of the results to golf courses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Golf courses differ from the urban green spaces examined in the study in several respects. They are generally <strong>larger<\/strong>, have a high proportion of <strong>open lawns<\/strong> and often have <strong>interspersed groups of trees, bodies of water and shrub areas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cooling mechanisms such as shading<\/strong> are primarily effective on golf courses where trees and shrub areas provide shade &#8211; large fairways, on the other hand, offer hardly any shade.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evapotranspiration<\/strong> can be very high on golf courses due to extensive turf irrigation, which can lead to significant local cooling. However, this effect is highly dependent on the availability of water and the intensity of irrigation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spatial arrangement<\/strong>: If golf courses are not located in the middle of densely built-up inner city areas, their contribution to mitigating the <strong>urban heat island<\/strong> in the city centre is lower. Nevertheless, they can be relevant for the <strong>local microclimate in the surrounding area<\/strong>, especially if they are adjacent to residential areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Golf courses can<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">, therefore, generate similar\u00a0<strong>cooling effects<\/strong> to urban green spaces, particularly through targeted tree planting and water features. However, the framework conditions differ significantly, meaning that the study&#8217;s results<\/span>\u00a0are only transferable to a limited extent.<\/p>\n<div hcb-fetch-image-from=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/studie-hitze-macht-outdoorsport-in-japan-2065-unmoeglich\/\" class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"3XoTGcQ6kv\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/heat-makes-outdoor-sport-in-japan-2065-impossible\/\">Studie: Hitze macht Outdoorsport in Japan 2065 unm\u00f6glich<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Studie: Hitze macht Outdoorsport in Japan 2065 unm\u00f6glich&#8221; &#8212; Golf Sustainable\" src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/heat-makes-outdoor-sport-in-japan-2065-impossible\/embed\/#?secret=F1R5rhctMu#?secret=3XoTGcQ6kv\" data-secret=\"3XoTGcQ6kv\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>The three main mechanisms of the cooling effect<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The meta-study identifies three main mechanisms that determine the <strong>cooling effect<\/strong> of urban green spaces:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Shading<\/strong><br \/>\nTrees with dense crowns block direct sunlight, reduce surface temperatures by up to 16 \u00b0C and provide <strong>2-7 \u00b0C cooler air<\/strong> locally. Crown density, tree height and choice of species play an important role here &#8211; evergreen trees provide year-round protection, deciduous trees provide seasonal peak cooling.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evapotranspiration<\/strong><br \/>\nPlants cool by releasing water through their leaves. This process can reduce air temperatures by <strong>1-5 \u00b0C<\/strong>. Wide leaves, high leaf density and targeted irrigation increase the effect. In very dry climates, however, performance is limited without irrigation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Optimal spatial arrangement<\/strong><br \/>\nInterconnected green spaces, linear parks and green corridors channel cold air deeper into the urban area. Large, connected parks extend up to <strong>500 m<\/strong> into the surrounding area.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-me71nezv-52624da3e879c498c70c53e5d172c41e\">\n.avia-image-container.av-me71nezv-52624da3e879c498c70c53e5d172c41e img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-me71nezv-52624da3e879c498c70c53e5d172c41e .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-me71nezv-52624da3e879c498c70c53e5d172c41e av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-has-copyright av-copyright-always'  ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-27876 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27876 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DSC_0061-1500x630.jpg\" alt='Trees at GC Lausanne' title='Trees_GC Lausanne'  height=\"630\" width=\"1500\"  \/><\/div><small class=\"avia-copyright\">The GC de Lausanne works with a tree management plan (images GC de Lausanne)<\/small><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-me71rgzt-f7ac36dc38ad161581af3f571f508bc9 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p><strong>What weakens the cooling effect<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>However, <strong>water shortages<\/strong> and a lack of irrigation hinder the cooling process just as much as the choice of <strong>wrong plant species<\/strong> with a small leaf area or low evaporation rate. In addition, the green areas should not be too small or too fragmented. This is also an argument in favour of golf courses, which generally offer green areas of at least 50 hectares with 18 holes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The special role of plants in the cooling process<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trees are the undisputed stars among <strong>Nature-Based Cooling Solutions<\/strong>: they combine extensive shading with high evaporation performance. Mixed plantings of trees, shrubs and grasses maximize the effect. Species diversity also increases resistance to climate stress and ensures a year-round cooling effect.<\/p>\n<p>However, this also means a difficult balancing act for golf course operators. After all, trees need water, and the shading of greens and tees, in particular, repeatedly leads to maintenance problems. It is therefore important to find the right mix here: Trees with low water consumption and high heat resistance should be planted. At the same time, the fairways must be planned so that there are no maintenance problems due to shading.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Golf courses or city parks? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Independent of the current study, scientists have already looked at the special cooling effects of golf courses in recent years and made comparisons with city parks. The latter usually have a stronger impact on the core of the <strong data-start=\"2218\" data-end=\"2247\">urban heat island effect<\/strong> because they are closer to heat hotspots and have a high proportion of trees.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Golf courses<\/strong> therefore have great potential for cooling, especially through high evapotranspiration during irrigation. However, their effect on the urban climate depends heavily on <strong data-start=\"2497\" data-end=\"2505\">location<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2530\">vegetation structure<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2535\" data-end=\"2555\">water resources<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div hcb-fetch-image-from=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/die-zuechtung-von-gras-ist-viel-komplexer-geworden\/\" class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Z4Yw1vEhLU\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/breeding-turfgrass-annemettedaljensen\/\">&#8220;Die Z\u00fcchtung von Gras ist viel komplexer geworden&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;&#8220;Die Z\u00fcchtung von Gras ist viel komplexer geworden&#8221;&#8221; &#8212; Golf Sustainable\" src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/breeding-turfgrass-annemettedaljensen\/embed\/#?secret=2ph1LpOSSP#?secret=Z4Yw1vEhLU\" data-secret=\"Z4Yw1vEhLU\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>If you would like to take a closer look at the topic, you will find a <strong>list of literature with research results<\/strong> here:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Abd-Elmabod, S. K., et al. (2024). Seasonal variability of cooling services across urban green land-use types: Comparative assessment with parks, agriculture, and golf courses. <em data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"387\">Sustainable Cities and Society, 105<\/em>, 105313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105313<\/li>\n<li>Fung, C. K. W., Jim, C. Y., &amp; Song, C. (2017). Microclimatic effects of a subtropical golf course in an urban heat island. <em data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"604\">Urban Forestry &amp; Urban Greening, 24<\/em>, 1-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.03.003<\/li>\n<li>Hamel, P., et al. (2021). Modeling the impact of land use change on urban ecosystem services: Insights from converting golf courses. <em data-start=\"793\" data-end=\"822\">npj Urban Sustainability, 1<\/em>(1), 1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42949-021-00025-8<\/li>\n<li>Lonsdorf, E., et al. (2021). Relative importance of different green space types for urban heat mitigation: An ecosystem services modeling approach. <em data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1064\">Landscape and Urban Planning, 209<\/em>, 104043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104043<\/li>\n<li>Nguyen, T. T., et al. (2022). Cooling performance of urban green spaces: A comparative analysis of land cover types in Perth, Australia. <em data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1286\">Remote Sensing, 14<\/em>(9), 2094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14092094<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kmqkm4-f51cc6e6255fcd33224c0a4290a952b7 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":30863,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[763,755,2631],"tags":[3337,1072,3492,3339,3338],"class_list":["post-30857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change","category-uncategorized","category-special-extreme-weather","tag-cooling-effect-golf-courses","tag-golf-and-heat","tag-golf-und-nachhaltigkeit","tag-nature-based-solutions-en","tag-urban-green-spaces-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Green against heat - how urban green spaces work - Golf Sustainable<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What effect do golf courses have as a cooling element in cities? 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