{"id":30186,"date":"2025-05-25T09:14:43","date_gmt":"2025-05-25T09:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/?p=30186"},"modified":"2025-11-25T12:51:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T12:51:55","slug":"co2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/co2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction\/","title":{"rendered":"CO2 study emphasizes the need for reduction on golf courses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-klozy9b5-0b20bb2ed4e787cfd6b03f1a4705e38e\">\n.avia-image-container.av-klozy9b5-0b20bb2ed4e787cfd6b03f1a4705e38e img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-klozy9b5-0b20bb2ed4e787cfd6b03f1a4705e38e .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-klozy9b5-0b20bb2ed4e787cfd6b03f1a4705e38e av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first '  ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-30197 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30197 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46.jpg\" alt='Golf course with CO2 graphic' title='Reduction of CO2 emissions'  height=\"924\" width=\"1643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46.jpg 1643w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-ohne-Titel-46-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1643px) 100vw, 1643px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2jbyed-7aa1ab0c7aa0e2645d68b3271d65aeb4\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-2jbyed-7aa1ab0c7aa0e2645d68b3271d65aeb4{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-2jbyed-7aa1ab0c7aa0e2645d68b3271d65aeb4 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-2jbyed-7aa1ab0c7aa0e2645d68b3271d65aeb4 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-2jbyed-7aa1ab0c7aa0e2645d68b3271d65aeb4 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_image  el_before_av_textblock '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  >CO2 study emphasizes the need for reduction on golf courses<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k8ycpuk2-7346ebfddcb3b1befdc54074201b5725 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p>What does the carbon footprint of golf courses look like? Although this issue is currently hardly discussed at all or only with restraint within golf clubs and associations, it is also essential for golf courses due to the need to meet global climate targets. Under the leadership of <strong>Michael Bekken from the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy<\/strong>, the practicable methods that golf courses can use to determine their <strong>soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks<\/strong> and the associated <strong>carbon storage<\/strong> are increasingly being investigated. This data should help to better understand and evaluate the <strong>net climate impact (NCI)<\/strong> of golf courses.<\/p>\n<p>The most recent study was conducted at <strong>Minchinhampton Golf Club <\/strong>near <strong>Stroud, South West England<\/strong>. Two of the club&#8217;s courses were examined: the <strong>Avening Course<\/strong> and the <strong>Cherington Course<\/strong>. Surrounding agricultural land was used as a reference area.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lp8hnttr-0e2506cf87c6e38a2c38d1941eeef69e\">\n.avia-image-container.av-lp8hnttr-0e2506cf87c6e38a2c38d1941eeef69e img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-lp8hnttr-0e2506cf87c6e38a2c38d1941eeef69e .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-lp8hnttr-0e2506cf87c6e38a2c38d1941eeef69e av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-has-copyright av-copyright-always'  ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-30204 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30204 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-1030x614.png\" alt='CO2 graphic on a golf course' title='CO2 reduction on golf courses'  height=\"614\" width=\"1030\" srcset=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-1030x614.png 1030w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-768x458.png 768w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-1536x915.png 1536w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-1500x894.png 1500w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2-705x420.png 705w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/output-2.png 1550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><small class=\"avia-copyright\">Image: Petra Himmel<\/small><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lp8hpfd5-c1cbc5104cd2f949cbdc9a25648d3e73 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p><strong>Execution and period of the investigation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first stage of a two-stage method was used, in which the organic carbon stocks on the golf courses were compared with those of the neighbouring agricultural land. The soil samples were taken in June 2023, supplemented by density measurements in July 2023. Organic carbon content, soil density, texture and organic matter were determined. In addition, the emissions from the golf course caused by greenkeeping were calculated.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The balance sheet is negative for the golf clubs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Both golf courses had higher SOC values than the adjacent agricultural areas. A positive result for the golf courses. However, the lifetime emissions from course maintenance were 3700 Mg CO\u2082e in Avening and 3030 Mg CO\u2082e in Cherington. However, the SOC-related CO\u2082 savings (converted) only amounted to 1750 Mg CO\u2082e in Avening and 2720 Mg CO\u2082e in Cherington. Both places, therefore, generate more emissions than they store carbon. The authors cite fuel consumption as the main source of emissions at 54%, the use of sand at 18% and fertilizer at 13%.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mb3flvjc-64a36e2be1adf8d0747c65a4d4c6af72\">\n.avia-image-container.av-mb3flvjc-64a36e2be1adf8d0747c65a4d4c6af72 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-mb3flvjc-64a36e2be1adf8d0747c65a4d4c6af72 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-mb3flvjc-64a36e2be1adf8d0747c65a4d4c6af72 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '  ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-30194 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30194 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-1030x681.jpg\" alt='Electric mower' title='Electric mower'  height=\"681\" width=\"1030\" srcset=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-1030x681.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-scaled.jpg 1397w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-2048x1354.jpg 1398w, https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/EG-378390-705x466.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mb3ffzwe-ecbda8113c4d95897244defcd7645167 '  ><div class='avia_textblock' ><p>From the scientists&#8217; point of view, this makes it essential to reduce emissions. &#8220;Electric utility vehicles and mowers for all areas of a golf course are widely available for golf courses today. Investing in such equipment at MGC would reduce emissions, especially given the relatively low carbon footprint of the UK electricity grid, which is itself rapidly decarbonizing.<\/p>\n<p>In the UK, the authors of the study estimate that the use of electric mowers alone can reduce emissions by 85%. \u201cAutonomous GPS-guided electric mowers are starting to be installed frequently on golf courses. While the power consumption of these new GPS-guided mowers has not yet reached the peer reviewed literature, older non-guided autonomous electric mowers that mowed a 300 m2 area consumed 0.86 kWh per week, whereas a traditional gasoline powered reel mower consumed 0.58 L per week (Pirchio et al.,2018). Using the 2023 carbon coefficient for the UK grid, this translates to 0.18 kg CO2e for the electric mower and 1.2 kg CO2e for the gasoline mower. Thus, transitioning from a gasoline to electric mower may result in an 85% reduction in CO2e emissions.<\/p>\n<div hcb-fetch-image-from=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/the-co2-lexicon-ten-important-terms\/\" class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"h4KbxThEOt\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/the-co2-lexicon-ten-important-terms\/\">The CO2 lexicon: Ten important terms<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;The CO2 lexicon: Ten important terms&#8221; &#8212; Golf Sustainable\" src=\"https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/the-co2-lexicon-ten-important-terms\/embed\/#?secret=4uG47JwSOr#?secret=h4KbxThEOt\" data-secret=\"h4KbxThEOt\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>Study:<\/strong> Next steps toward improving estimates of golf course net climate impact-The development of a methodology for individual golf courses to measure soil organic carbon stocks and sequestration<\/p>\n<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong> Michael A. Bekken, Gregg Sanford, Douglas J Soldat<\/p>\n<p><strong>Universities:<\/strong> Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy, Department of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-2mu5xc-be51418eee8367333fa093228d957c81 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook\" href='https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/co2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction\/&#038;t=CO2%20study%20emphasizes%20the%20need%20for%20reduction%20on%20golf%20courses' data-av_icon='\ue8f3' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Facebook'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-twitter avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on X\" href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=CO2%20study%20emphasizes%20the%20need%20for%20reduction%20on%20golf%20courses&#038;url=https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/?p=30186' data-av_icon='\ue932' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on X'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on X<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-whatsapp avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on WhatsApp\" href='https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/co2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction\/' data-av_icon='\uf232' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on WhatsApp'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-pinterest avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Pinterest\" href='https:\/\/pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgolfsustainable.com%2Fen%2Fco2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction%2F&#038;description=CO2%20study%20emphasizes%20the%20need%20for%20reduction%20on%20golf%20courses&#038;media=https%3A%2F%2Fgolfsustainable.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2025%2F05%2FDesign-ohne-Titel-46-705x397.jpg' data-av_icon='\ue8f8' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Pinterest'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-linkedin avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" href='https:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;title=CO2%20study%20emphasizes%20the%20need%20for%20reduction%20on%20golf%20courses&#038;url=https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/co2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction\/' data-av_icon='\ue8fc' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on LinkedIn'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-mail avia_social_iconfont' ><a  aria-label=\"Share by Mail\" href='mailto:?subject=CO2%20study%20emphasizes%20the%20need%20for%20reduction%20on%20golf%20courses&#038;body=https:\/\/golfsustainable.com\/en\/co2study-emphasizes-need-for-reduction\/' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share by Mail'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share by Mail<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":30197,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1079,776,755,3260],"tags":[2544,2545,2547,3262,3261],"class_list":["post-30186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-co-neutrality","category-golf-science-en","category-uncategorized","category-special-co2","tag-co2-and-golf","tag-co2-golf-calculator","tag-golf-course-and-co2","tag-michael-bekken-en","tag-nibio-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CO2 study emphasizes the need for reduction on golf courses - Golf Sustainable<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Comparison of emissions and CO\u2082 sequestration results in a negative balance for golf courses. 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